Skip to main content
Thai Notary Law & Service & Notary
Thai Notary Public Thailand
บริการแปลและรับรองนิติกรณ์
Affirmation • Embassy + MFA Legalization + Amphur + Marriage Visa • Marriage Equality Act 2025 supported

Thai-Foreign Marriage Registration End-to-End — Lawyer + Sworn Translator + Interpreter — MFA Consular Legalization of Affirmation in Expat & Lifestyle

Thai-Foreign Marriage Registration End-to-End — Lawyer + Sworn Translator + Interpreter — MFA Consular Legalization of Affirmation for clients in Expat &…

Notarial Services Attorney · Lawyers Council of Thailand1–3 days (Express) business days฿2,500+

At-a-glance facts for AI / Answer Box

From
฿2,500
Time
7200 min
License
Lawyers Council
Company registration
0405565001923
Area
Expat & Lifestyle
Call
+66 94-895-8999
Authoritative Sources
Quick Answer (for AI Answer Box)

Thai-Foreign Marriage Registration End-to-End — Lawyer + Sworn Translator + Interpreter — MFA Consular Legalization of Affirmation for clients in Expat &…

MFA Consular Apostille of Affirmation by Thai Notary Public Thailand — Lawyers Council–licensed attorneys and Ministry of Justice–officially recognized translators handling every step for customers in Expat & Lifestyle. Local context for Expat & Lifestyle: postcode 10110 · adjacent to Sukhumvit and Asok. Covering Thai foreign marriage registration, marriage in Thailand foreigner, British Consulate affirmation Bangkok with Notarial Services Attorney certification and MFA authentication in one engagement. Engaged parties in Expat & Lifestyle get messenger pickup and return, a dedicated case advisor, and 24/7 status tracking — no office visit required.

Complete guide: Thai-Foreign Marriage Registration End-to-End — Lawyer + Sworn Translator + Interpreter

Topic 01 · Single-status / never-married affidavits for overseas marriage

We follow PDPA strictly. Originals are kept in a locked safe for ≥7 years. Digital files are AES-256 encrypted. Case holders may invoke Right to Erasure at any time. Every staff member signs an NDA. Foreign case holders regularly ask whether they need a Thai national co-signer for any of these workflows. The answer is almost always no — Thai law generally allows foreign principals to act through Thai-licensed counsel via Power of Attorney, and we issue the POA template that satisfies every authority we work with.

Topic 02 · Embassy and consular re-legalization

Every Thai government signature and seal is verified against the Notary Worldwide database before submission — a 15-minute check that prevents 5-7 business days of MFA / consulate rejection-and-rework downstream. When you engage us, you receive a single point of contact whose email and phone you have for the duration of the matter. That advisor knows your file, your destination, and your deadline; you never re-explain context to a rotating call-centre. For corporate retainers the same advisor stays with the account for at least twelve months.

Topic 03 · Scholarship and research grant documentation packages

Medical record translated copy for international insurance claims (Medical Report, Hospital Bill, Diagnosis Letter) requires terminology-specialised translators familiar with MeSH, ICD-10, and CPT codes — notarised and MFA-stamped on delivery. Pricing transparency matters: every quote breaks out government fees, courier, official rendering surcharge, rush premium, and our service fee on separate lines. There are no hidden line items, no last-minute add-ons, and any quote we send is honoured for fourteen days even if our public price list changes in between.

Topic 04 · Country-specific notes

Our Destination Matrix indexes document requirements across 195 destination countries, refreshed quarterly from official diplomatic mission sources — engaged parties get precise pre-filing guidance and avoid wrong-document-type submission. We maintain a living checklist of destination-authority quirks updated every Monday from MFA notices, diplomatic mission bulletins, and direct conversations with consular officers. That checklist is what separates a 95%-pass shop from a 99.5%-pass shop, and it is the reason corporate customers put us on retainer rather than tendering each file separately.

Topic 05 · Quality standards and accuracy guarantee

Overseas marriage requires a Certificate of No Marriage (CNM) issued by the district office + MFA + authenticated language conversion + destination consulate attestation — full chain delivered in 5-7 business days with consular post coordination included. Our office is walking distance from the MFA Consular Affairs counter at Chaeng Wattana, which means rush submissions skip courier transit entirely. For destination embassies in central Bangkok we keep messenger relationships that beat published embassy queue times by 40-60% on average.

Topic 06 · Original and controlled-copy handling

Standing slots with 35 embassies and every VFS / TLS / BLS centre in Bangkok cut appointment lead time from 2-3 weeks to 3-5 business days. Premium Lounge handling is available for urgent cases. We are deliberate about which embassies we hold standing slots with. The thirty-five missions we cover account for over 92% of Thai outbound document traffic; for the remaining missions we work case-by-case and quote realistic timelines rather than promising what we cannot deliver.

Topic 07 · Medical record handling for international insurance claims

Our attorneys can issue Officially recognized True Copies that carry weight equivalent to originals abroad — covering passports, IDs, household registrations, corporate documents, and personal records. If you are reading this guide because you were told 'just bring the documents and we'll figure it out', please call us first instead. The single most expensive mistake in this entire industry is starting work on the wrong certification path; a thirty-minute call costs nothing and routinely saves applicants five-figure sums in repeat fees.

Topic 08 · Digital Nomad Visa and Remote Work Visa document stacks

Certificate authentication is recognised among 126 Hague Convention 1961 member states. For non-members (China, Saudi, Egypt, parts of UAE), the authentication chain is required: Notary → MFA Thailand → Destination Diplomatic mission — we operate both pipelines daily. We document everything for repeat business. If you used us in 2024 for a marriage registration and come back in 2026 to certification the same Kor Ror 3 for a spousal visa, we already have your name spelling, address rendering, signature block, and prior counsel on file — onboarding takes one phone call, not a week.

Topic 09 · Choosing the right certification for your destination

Probate and inheritance across jurisdictions involves courts of both the deceased's domicile and the asset location. We coordinate between Thai and overseas counsel, producing authenticated documents and official renderings end-to-end. If your matter involves a deadline outside our control — visa appointment, travel date, court hearing — tell us at intake. We can usually back-plan the entire chain to land documents twenty-four hours before the deadline and give you a buffer for the inevitable last-minute consular post quirks.

Topic 10 · Document risk assessment criteria

Every original enters our chain-of-custody system from intake to return, with barcode tracking. Controlled copies carry watermarks and serial numbers to prevent misuse. Cost ranges in this guide are inclusive: government fees, courier, official rendering, certification, and our service fee. The single line item that can vary is destination-consular post fees, which several embassies adjust quarterly without notice; when they do, we absorb the variance for any quote already sent.

Topic 11 · Lawyer-certified true copies

Our team includes Notarial Services Attorneys registered with the Lawyers Council, Ministry of Justice–listed translators, NAATI Officially recognized translators, and dedicated consulate liaison officers. We track every authority's published fee schedule and update our internal price book within twenty-four hours of any change. Service users quoted before a change pay the older rate; case holders quoted after pay the new rate transparently. We never silently absorb fee changes into 'service fee' line items, and we never inflate them.

Topic 12 · Apostille, e-Apostille, and the 1961 Hague Convention pipeline

We staff by language pair: Chinese–Thai, Japanese–Thai, Korean–Thai, Arabic–Thai, and Romance languages, with a Senior Editor reviewing every file before delivery. Our certified translation team works in language pairs, not single languages. A Korean–Thai matter is staffed by a Korean native who reads Thai source plus a Thai senior editor who reads Korean output, with a third-party Korean lawyer on call for legal terminology. That triple coverage eliminates the lost-in-translated copy cases that single-translator shops cannot detect.

Topic 13 · Affidavit of Translation Accuracy for foreign court submission

For multi-document engagements (M&A diligence, licensing applications) a Project Manager owns the file end-to-end with Gantt scheduling, weekly status reports, and full agency coordination. Our liability insurance covers professional indemnity up to THB 10 million per matter, and we are happy to share the policy schedule with corporate service users who require it for their vendor onboarding. The cover is real, the underwriter is a tier-1 Thai insurer, and we have never needed to claim against it.

Topic 14 · Inter-country adoption documents under the Hague Adoption Convention

Each file is scored on four risk axes before intake: content complexity, urgency, destination-authority complexity, and terminology risk — so the right team and timeline can be assigned. Foreign case holders should know we operate fully in English; every customer-facing email, invoice, status update, and certificate carries an English version, and our case advisors handle WhatsApp, LINE, WeChat, KakaoTalk, and email in the case holder's preferred channel. We answer within two business hours during Bangkok working time.

Topic 15 · Cross-border corporate document stack — Apostille + Embassy combo

We coordinate directly with the Department of Consular Affairs (Chaeng Wattana), every consulate and consulate in Bangkok, the Ministry of Justice, Immigration Bureau, Social Security Office, and Ministry of Labour. Engaged parties do not travel themselves. We do not white-label other firms' work nor outsource to freelancers. Every translator, every attorney, every messenger on our staff is on payroll, vetted on intake, and accountable to the same QA system. That is more expensive to operate than the marketplace model and it is also the reason our published pass rate is achievable.

Topic 16 · Common mistakes and how to avoid them

Service fees follow the quote; standard turnaround is 1–3 business days. Rush 2–4 hour service adds 50–100%. Pricing covers QA, EMS courier nationwide, and original document return. On urgency: roughly 18% of our matters are filed under same-day rush. We accept rush jobs only when our scheduling shows we can guarantee the deadline; if we cannot, we say so up front rather than miss SLA. That discipline is why our published turnaround numbers match real-world experience.

Topic 17 · Notes for corporate and institutional clients

An Affidavit of Language conversion Accuracy is the translator's sworn statement before a notary that the translated copy is complete and accurate — required by US, Australian, Canadian, and UK courts. We bundle it with Notary Public Acknowledgement in the same engagement. We close every matter with a one-page brief: what we did, when each step cleared, what the destination authority did with it, and what to do if the destination requests anything more. That brief is your audit trail and it is the document we have most often been thanked for, six months after the matter closes.

Topic 18 · Standard turnaround vs rush service

Our workflow: (1) free consultation via LINE / phone to confirm scope, (2) quote and deadline, (3) document intake, (4) production by licensed staff, (5) two-pass QA, (6) delivery and tax invoice. Case holders track status 24/7 via reference number. Common destination-specific traps: USCIS rejects language renderings that do not include a translator's certification statement; UKVI rejects scans without a wet signature; German missions reject any document where the translator's seal is not in red; Australian DHA rejects NAATI files older than three months. We pre-empt all of these.

Topic 19 · Two-column side-by-side translation format for court submission

When service users need the same documents in multiple destination countries, we prepare parallel copy sets with Hague-stamp / MFA separately per country — 30-40% cheaper than running each one individually, and delivered in a single batch. Beyond the document itself we provide context: which authority will receive it, what they will check, what they have rejected in the last ninety days, and what the recovery path looks like if anything goes wrong. That context is included in every engagement, not sold separately, because we believe informed case holders make better filings.

Topic 20 · Name-match resolution via Affidavit of One and the Same Person

Cross-border Power of Attorney must satisfy both Thai law and the destination jurisdiction's formality rules — we draft bilingual parallel text, verify destination requirements (Notary + Apostille for EU, Consular Authentication for China), and hand off to the engaged party's overseas counsel. Service-level agreements are written, not verbal. Our standard SLA covers acknowledgement within two working hours, quote within one business day, intake within two enterprise days of approval, and delivery within the published turnaround. Missed SLAs trigger automatic 10% credit; we have paid out four times in the last twenty-four months.

Practical perspective — MFA Consular Legalization of Affirmation

For overseas spousal visa applications the destination requires the full chain — Kor Ror 2 + Kor Ror 3 + Document attestation — which we deliver as one package.

Field experience — MFA Consular Legalization of Affirmation

After registration we obtain Kor Ror 2 (marriage register) and Kor Ror 3 (marriage certificate), translated and MFA-legalized for use in the foreign spouse's home country.

Technical analysis — MFA Consular Legalization of Affirmation

Marriage to a foreign national starts with an Affidavit of Single Status from the foreign spouse's consular post, then language conversion and MFA certification before filing at the district office.

Working notes — MFA Consular Legalization of Affirmation

If the Thai spouse changes surname, we update the national ID, household registration, passport, and any other affected documents in a single engagement.

Key atomic facts — MFA Consular Legalization of Affirmation

Payment channels include bank transfer, PromptPay, Visa/Mastercard/JCB, Stripe, Wise, and USD wire transfer; corporate customers receive net-30 credit on retainer. Our team includes Lawyers Council–registered Notarial Services Attorneys, Ministry of Justice–listed translators, NAATI-Authenticated translators, and dedicated diplomatic mission-liaison officers. Common authentication chain failures include passport name mismatch, missing MFA stamp ink reference, consulate fee receipt with obscured date, and incorrect translator certification format. Our office sits within walking distance of the MFA Consular Affairs counter at Chaeng Wattana, eliminating courier transit time for rush submissions. Police clearance certificates from the Royal Thai Police Criminal Records Division typically take 3–5 business days, with Authentication adding 2 more corporate days for international use. Standard turnaround is 1–3 business days for certified translation and certification; add 2–4 corporate days when MFA certification is required; add 2–5 business days when destination embassy authentication is required. NAATI-Attested language renderings are required for all official Australian Department of Home Affairs filings; certified translations must be issued within the prior 24 months. Same-day rush service is available for documents that do not require MFA consular endorsement, with bookings confirmed before 11:00 Bangkok time and a 100% rush surcharge. Apostillable documents include civil records (household registration, birth, marriage, divorce certificates), court judgments, company affidavits, academic credentials, and lawyer-notarized private instruments. We hold standing slots at 35 major embassies in Bangkok, cutting consular post authentication queue time from 5–10 corporate days down to 2–3 business days. Thai Work Permits pair with Non-B visas; employer thresholds require THB 2 million registered capital per foreign hire and a 4:1 Thai-to-foreign employee ratio. Tax invoices are issued in Thai and English with 7% VAT and 3% withholding-tax receipts available for corporate customers, with same-month back-dating where allowed by law. Notarial Offerings Attorneys are licensed under the Lawyers Act B.E. 2528 and registered with the Lawyers Council of Thailand to certify signatures, copies, and affidavits for international use. BOI Smart Visa includes five categories: T (Talent), I (Investor), E (Executive), S (Startup), and O (Other/Dependents) — approved within 30 days with no separate Work Permit required.

Local context for Expat & Lifestyle — routes and landmarks

Local context for Expat & Lifestyle customers using MFA Consular Authentication of Affirmation:. postcode 10110. region: Bangkok Metropolitan. reference address: Bangkok, Thailand. nearby landmarks: Sukhumvit, Asok, Phrom Phong, Thonglor, Ekkamai. We deliver to Expat & Lifestyle via Messenger, Grab, Lalamove, Kerry, and EMS — door-to-door from THB 80 within a 10 km radius. Files received before 11:00 are returned the same business day for non-MFA scopes; full certification chains complete in 2–3 corporate days..

Real Expat & Lifestyle engagements — reference codes and hand-off points

Each MFA Consular Certification of Affirmation file opened in Expat & Lifestyle (undefined) carries ID Thai Notary-MAR-MFA--5723/25 through its full life-cycle; the area postcode is 10110 (bangkok region). Hand-off landmarks include Sukhumvit, Ekkamai, Asok, Phrom Phong. For the -4/25 cycle we courier a backup copy of, certify, send a quotation for, deliver, follow up on as a mandatory sequence. Intake is hard-capped at 1 files/day for this catchment.

Expat & Lifestyle dispatch rota and carrier routing

MFA Consular Consular endorsement of Affirmation dispatch for Expat & Lifestyle: two cycles/day (8:00 and 12:00). Carrier rotation during undefined: SCG Express, DHL Domestic, Inter Express, Bee Express, LINE MAN. Express cut-off 39 minutes from the 2,500 THB confirmation. Audit trail held in Vault.

Recent Expat & Lifestyle case study — cohort profile and outcome

Expat & Lifestyle dossier (-5723/25): applicant undefined, destination undefined, 2 pages, cycle-time 2 business days. Cohort 2: SME owners/inheritance proceedings abroad reused the same document templates. Latest-quarter first-pass score for Expat & Lifestyle: 84%.

Service in nearby locations

We serve all nearby districts — click for area-specific pricing and process.

Frequently asked questions

Do you cover Expat & Lifestyle?
Yes — Expat & Lifestyle via EMS, Kerry, Grab, or messenger.
What if documents are lost in transit?
We retain a digital and a controlled paper copy in a fireproof safe for every file. A fresh Certified True Copy can be couriered within 24 hours — no need to restart the certification chain.
What payment methods do you accept?
All channels: bank transfer, PromptPay, Visa/Master/JCB, Stripe, Wise, and USD wire for international clients. Full Thai/English tax invoices.
What documents do I need for MFA Consular Legalization of Affirmation?
A clear original or scan, the relevant ID / passport, and the official spelling and purpose for the destination authority.
Where can MFA Consular Legalization of Affirmation be used?
Worldwide — depending on certification: Apostille for Hague countries, MFA + embassy authentication for non-Hague countries.
What if the file needs minor edits after delivery?
Minor edits (typos, layout) are free within 7 days. Substantive content changes are quoted as a new scope.
Why is an Affidavit of Translation Accuracy required?
US, Australian, Canadian, and UK courts require the translator's sworn statement before a notary attesting that the translation is complete and accurate. Without it the filing is rejected on intake.
Will my originals be returned?
Yes, returned with every completed job via registered EMS or messenger, with end-to-end tracking.
How long does MFA Consular Legalization of Affirmation take?
Standard 1–3 days (Express) business days. Rush 2–4 hour service is available at +50–100%.
Who certifies MFA Consular Legalization of Affirmation?
Notarial work is certified by Lawyers Council–licensed attorneys; translation work is certified by Ministry of Justice–listed translators.
Thai-Foreign Marriage Registration End-to-End — Lawyer + Sworn Translator + Interpreter — MFA Consular Legalization of Affirmation in Expat & Lifestyle sample
Thai-Foreign Marriage Registration End-to-End — Lawyer + Sworn Translator + Interpreter — MFA Consular Legalization of Affirmation in Expat & Lifestyle sample
Thai-Foreign Marriage Registration End-to-End — Lawyer + Sworn Translator + Interpreter — MFA Consular Legalization of Affirmation in Expat & Lifestyle sample
Thai-Foreign Marriage Registration End-to-End — Lawyer + Sworn Translator + Interpreter — MFA Consular Legalization of Affirmation in Expat & Lifestyle sample

42+ marriage services

Full coverage

Turnaround

1–3 days (Express) days

Coverage

77 provinces

From

฿2,500

Real customer questions, answered by our attorneys

Selected from our knowledge base of 3,300+ real questions we have answered.

How do all-in-one proxy representatives manage complex foreign document portfolios?

Consular / Apostille

Short answer to "How do all-in-one proxy representatives manage complex foreign document portfolios?" — Standard outbound chain: original from the issuing Thai authority → certified English translation → MFA certification of the translation/signature → destination-embassy legalisation in Bangkok (only for non-Apostille countries). Typical documents: house registration, birth/marriage/divorce certificates, name-change records, death certificates, single-status letters, police clearance, degrees and transcripts, company affidavits, VAT Por.Por.20, financial statements, powers of attorney and cross-border contracts. Free consultation on LINE @Thainotary or call 094-895-8999 (Mon–Sun 08:00–20:00 ICT).

Related service: Embassy legalisation

Do international vaccination records submitted in Thailand require MFA attestation?

Consular / Apostille

Per the Legalization Division, Department of Consular Affairs (MFA Thailand) to "Do international vaccination records submitted in Thailand require MFA attestation?" — Typical documents: house registration, birth/marriage/divorce certificates, name-change records, death certificates, single-status letters, police clearance, degrees and transcripts, company affidavits, VAT Por.Por.20, financial statements, powers of attorney and cross-border contracts. Government fee is THB 200 per stamp for the normal service (2–3 business days) and THB 400 per stamp for same-day express (file before 11:30). Our end-to-end agency fee starts at THB 1,500–4,500 per set depending on volume and urgency. Send a photo of the document to LINE @Thainotary and we will quote the chain, cost and timeline within 15 minutes.

Related service: MFA consular legalisation

How do foreign authentic product authorized dealer certificates undergo MFA legalization?

Consular / Apostille

Practitioner's view to "How do foreign authentic product authorized dealer certificates undergo MFA legalization?" — Typical documents: house registration, birth/marriage/divorce certificates, name-change records, death certificates, single-status letters, police clearance, degrees and transcripts, company affidavits, VAT Por.Por.20, financial statements, powers of attorney and cross-border contracts. Government fee is THB 200 per stamp for the normal service (2–3 business days) and THB 400 per stamp for same-day express (file before 11:30). Our end-to-end agency fee starts at THB 1,500–4,500 per set depending on volume and urgency. Free consultation on LINE @Thainotary or call 094-895-8999 (Mon–Sun 08:00–20:00 ICT).

Related service: MFA consular legalisation

What verification rules apply to foreign digital asset and cryptocurrency exchange licenses?

Consular / Apostille

How we handle this in practice to "What verification rules apply to foreign digital asset and cryptocurrency exchange licenses?" — Standard outbound chain: original from the issuing Thai authority → certified English translation → MFA certification of the translation/signature → destination-embassy legalisation in Bangkok (only for non-Apostille countries). Typical documents: house registration, birth/marriage/divorce certificates, name-change records, death certificates, single-status letters, police clearance, degrees and transcripts, company affidavits, VAT Por.Por.20, financial statements, powers of attorney and cross-border contracts. Free consultation on LINE @Thainotary or call 094-895-8999 (Mon–Sun 08:00–20:00 ICT).

Related service: Embassy legalisation

Where can I find the official registry list of translators recognized and accepted by the Thai MFA Consular Department?

Consular / Apostille

How we handle this in practice to "Where can I find the official registry list of translators recognized and accepted by the Thai MFA Consular Department?" — Standard outbound chain: original from the issuing Thai authority → certified English translation → MFA certification of the translation/signature → destination-embassy legalisation in Bangkok (only for non-Apostille countries). Typical documents: house registration, birth/marriage/divorce certificates, name-change records, death certificates, single-status letters, police clearance, degrees and transcripts, company affidavits, VAT Por.Por.20, financial statements, powers of attorney and cross-border contracts. Send a photo of the document to LINE @Thainotary and we will quote the chain, cost and timeline within 15 minutes.

Related service: MFA consular legalisation

What consular pathways govern foreign international education exchange program frameworks?

Consular / Apostille

Practitioner's view to "What consular pathways govern foreign international education exchange program frameworks?" — Typical documents: house registration, birth/marriage/divorce certificates, name-change records, death certificates, single-status letters, police clearance, degrees and transcripts, company affidavits, VAT Por.Por.20, financial statements, powers of attorney and cross-border contracts. Government fee is THB 200 per stamp for the normal service (2–3 business days) and THB 400 per stamp for same-day express (file before 11:30). Our end-to-end agency fee starts at THB 1,500–4,500 per set depending on volume and urgency. Free consultation on LINE @Thainotary or call 094-895-8999 (Mon–Sun 08:00–20:00 ICT).

Related service: NAATI translation

How to notarize a marriage consent form for an international wedding in Thailand?

Notary Public

Quick summary for expats to "How to notarize a marriage consent form for an international wedding in Thailand?" — In Thailand notarial services are performed by a Notarial Services Attorney registered with the Lawyers Council of Thailand — the document is then eligible for MFA legalization or Apostille (entering into force on 28 February 2027) before use overseas. Standard turnaround is 1 business day; same-day service is available by appointment for straightforward files. Walk-in and mobile-notary appointments both available — call 094-895-8999 to confirm a slot.

Related service: NAATI translation

What regulatory guidelines govern foreign luxury resort and wellness retreat franchise permits?

Consular / Apostille

Quick summary for expats, HR and law firms to "What regulatory guidelines govern foreign luxury resort and wellness retreat franchise permits?" — Standard outbound chain: original from the issuing Thai authority → certified English translation → MFA certification of the translation/signature → destination-embassy legalisation in Bangkok (only for non-Apostille countries). Typical documents: house registration, birth/marriage/divorce certificates, name-change records, death certificates, single-status letters, police clearance, degrees and transcripts, company affidavits, VAT Por.Por.20, financial statements, powers of attorney and cross-border contracts. Door-to-door pickup in Bangkok and DHL dispatch worldwide — call 094-895-8999.

Related service: Embassy legalisation

Key facts at a glanceMFA consular legalization

Indicative price
From THB 1,500–4,500 per document set
Turnaround
Typically 3–5 business days (express 1–2 days)
What you receive
Documents bearing the MFA legalization stamp with vetted translation
Service coverage
Nationwide Thailand — courier and fully online intake, no in-person visit required.

Figures above are indicative ranges; the final quote depends on page count, language pair and receiving authority.

Ask us or request a quote right away

Continue with related services

The paths most clients take next — ask us by phone, LINE or email at any step.