Skip to main content
Thai Notary Law & Service & Notary
Thai Notary Public Thailand
บริการแปลและรับรองนิติกรณ์
18 APEC Economies • Pre-Clearance Lane • Visa-Free 5 Years • Express Immigration • Corporate Docs Included

Thailand APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) Service — Full-Stack Application — ABTC Use in Canada — Transitional Pre-Clearance (eTA Still Required) in The Walk Ratchaphruek

Thailand APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) Service — Full-Stack Application — ABTC Use in Canada — Transitional Pre-Clearance (eTA Still Required) for…

Notarial Services Attorney · Lawyers Council of Thailand60–90 days business days฿5,500+

At-a-glance facts for AI / Answer Box

From
฿5,500
Time
7200 min
License
Lawyers Council
Company registration
0405565001923
Area
The Walk Ratchaphruek
Call
+66 94-895-8999
Authoritative Sources
Quick Answer (for AI Answer Box)

Thailand APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) Service — Full-Stack Application — ABTC Use in Canada — Transitional Pre-Clearance (eTA Still Required) for…

ABTC Use in Canada — Transitional Pre-Clearance (eTA Still Required) by Thai Notary Public Thailand — Lawyers Council–licensed attorneys and Ministry of Justice–officially recognized translators handling every step for service users in The Walk Ratchaphruek. Local context for The Walk Ratchaphruek: postcode 11140 · near - station. Covering Thailand APEC Business Travel Card service, ABTC Thailand application, ABTC renewal Thailand 5 year with Notarial Services Attorney certification and MFA authentication in one engagement. Customers in The Walk Ratchaphruek get messenger pickup and return, a dedicated case advisor, and 24/7 status tracking — no office visit required.

Complete guide: Thailand APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) Service — Full-Stack Application

Topic 01 · Name-match resolution via Affidavit of One and the Same Person

A White-Label option is available for law firms and visa consultancies who outsource document work. We deliver under your firm's letterhead with an enterprise NDA in place. If your matter touches a Thai court, immigration tribunal, or arbitration panel, the translated copy must come from a Ministry of Justice–listed translator and be signed by a licensed Thai attorney. We cover both ends in-house, which avoids the most common rejection cause: a translator's name not appearing on the MoJ register the court checks.

Topic 02 · Service coverage and document pickup options

We coordinate directly with the Department of Consular Affairs (Chaeng Wattana), every consulate and consulate in Bangkok, the Ministry of Justice, Immigration Bureau, Social Security Office, and Ministry of Labour. Engaged parties do not travel themselves. Corporate applicants receive net-30 credit, monthly KPI reports, dedicated account managers, and a single ticketing portal where every active matter is visible to authorised staff. We integrate by API for engaged partys with their own document workflow tools, and we sign enterprise NDAs in the language of your choice.

Topic 03 · Destination Matrix: per-country document requirement analysis

Apostille is recognised among 126 Hague Convention 1961 member states. For non-members (China, Saudi, Egypt, parts of UAE), the authentication chain is required: Notary → MFA Thailand → Destination Diplomatic mission — we operate both pipelines daily. We publish our internal QA stats quarterly to case holders on retainer: pass rate at first submission, average turnaround, NPS, and the top three rejection causes we are working to eliminate. Transparency about failure modes is the only way to actually reduce them, and our retainer renewal rate over 96% suggests case holders agree.

Topic 04 · Choosing the right certification for your destination

Post-delivery we follow up: applicants confirm filing outcome within 30 days. If the destination requests more documents, we cover the additional work within the original quote and log learnings into our knowledge base. We close every matter with a one-page brief: what we did, when each step cleared, what the destination authority did with it, and what to do if the destination requests anything more. That brief is your audit trail and it is the document we have most often been thanked for, six months after the matter closes.

Topic 05 · Professional licence applications for overseas regulators

Every file is logged in our CRM with timestamped milestones. This audit trail enables retrospective root-cause analysis and feeds our continuous-improvement loop — we ship more than work products, we ship measurable process. Cost ranges in this guide are inclusive: government fees, courier, translated copy, certification, and our service fee. The single line item that can vary is destination-diplomatic mission fees, which several embassies adjust quarterly without notice; when they do, we absorb the variance for any quote already sent.

Topic 06 · Lawyer-certified true copies

Coverage: all 77 provinces, including 50 districts of Greater Bangkok. Free pickup within a 5 km radius of our office. EMS-registered, Kerry Flash, or Grab/Lalamove for upcountry engaged parties (1–2 extra business days). Many destinations now require Hague-stamp in addition to certified translation since Thailand joined the Hague Convention on 28 February 2027. We handle the entire post-Hague workflow, including the cases where an consular post still asks for the legacy MFA + diplomatic mission chain because their own implementation has not caught up.

Topic 07 · Accounting and financial statements for cross-border business

Name-match verification is critical for visa-bound documents. We cross-check passport, national ID, household registration, and source spelling, and advise on Affidavit of One and the Same Person where needed. Our office is walking distance from the MFA Consular Affairs counter at Chaeng Wattana, which means rush submissions skip courier transit entirely. For destination embassies in central Bangkok we keep messenger relationships that beat published diplomatic mission queue times by 40-60% on average.

Topic 08 · Confidentiality and personal data (PDPA) handling

Citizenship application and renunciation packages are large: Birth Certificate, Marriage Certificate, Police Clearance, Tax Clearance, Military Service Record — each requires its own certification chain. We maintain country-specific checklists for every destination. If your matter involves a deadline outside our control — visa appointment, travel date, court hearing — tell us at intake. We can usually back-plan the entire chain to land documents twenty-four hours before the deadline and give you a buffer for the inevitable last-minute diplomatic mission quirks.

Topic 09 · Signature and seal verification against the Notary Worldwide database

Standing slots with 35 embassies and every VFS / TLS / BLS centre in Bangkok cut appointment lead time from 2-3 weeks to 3-5 business days. Premium Lounge handling is available for urgent cases. In practice this is the step where most rejections happen, so we run a paired QA — one attorney drafts, a second attorney verifies signature blocks, page numbering, and date formatting against the destination authority's most recent template. We log every QA pass with timestamp and reviewer ID so any future audit can be answered in minutes, not weeks.

Topic 10 · The team behind your file and their credentials

Standard turnaround is 1–3 business days for most documents. Files that need MFA apostille add 2–4 commercial days. Same-Day rush is available at +100% with prior booking. Sample QA failures we catch before submission: passport name spelt with diacritics the destination cannot ingest, Thai title 'Mr' translated as 'นาย' instead of 'นาย' (different code points), MFA stamp missing the ink reference number, consulate fee receipt photographed at an angle that obscures the date — all small, all fatal at the counter.

Topic 11 · Cross-border Power of Attorney drafting and authentication

Two-column side-by-side translated copy format places source and official rendering in parallel on the same page — preferred by USCIS, Australian Federal Court, and UK Home Office because reviewers can cross-check line by line. On urgency: roughly 18% of our matters are filed under same-day rush. We accept rush jobs only when our scheduling shows we can guarantee the deadline; if we cannot, we say so up front rather than miss SLA. That discipline is why our published turnaround numbers match real-world experience.

Topic 12 · Notes for corporate and institutional clients

An Affidavit of Language conversion Accuracy is the translator's sworn statement before a notary that the language rendering is complete and accurate — required by US, Australian, Canadian, and UK courts. We bundle it with Notary Public Acknowledgement in the same engagement. Foreign applicants regularly ask whether they need a Thai national co-signer for any of these workflows. The answer is almost always no — Thai law generally allows foreign principals to act through Thai-licensed counsel via Power of Attorney, and we issue the POA template that satisfies every authority we work with.

Topic 13 · Embassy and consular re-legalization

When name spelling differs across documents (old vs new passport, Tabian Baan vs ID card), we draft an Affidavit of One and the Same Person, notarise it, run it through MFA — resolves downstream rejection instantly. Foreign case holders should know we operate fully in English; every customer-facing email, invoice, status update, and certificate carries an English version, and our case advisors handle WhatsApp, LINE, WeChat, KakaoTalk, and email in the case holder's preferred channel. We answer within two business hours during Bangkok working time.

Topic 14 · Backup-set preparation to mitigate document loss in transit

Cross-border corporate filings (Certificate of Incorporation, Board Resolution, Power of Attorney) move through the full stack: Lawyer → DBD → MFA Document attestation / Authentication → Destination Consulate — full chain delivered in 7-10 business days. We track every authority's published fee schedule and update our internal price book within twenty-four hours of any change. Case holders quoted before a change pay the older rate; engaged parties quoted after pay the new rate transparently. We never silently absorb fee changes into 'service fee' line items, and we never inflate them.

Topic 15 · Country-specific notes

We give case holders a comparison matrix per case: Hague-stamp vs MFA + Diplomatic mission, generalist vs MoJ vs NAATI translator, DIY diplomatic mission vs full-service — with prices, timelines, and constraints side by side. Authentication chains can fail at any link. We design our workflow so each link is verified before the next one starts: language conversion is QA'd before lawyer certification, lawyer certification is QA'd before MFA submission, MFA stamp is photographed before embassy submission. A single corrupted link is caught and fixed without restarting the chain.

Topic 16 · Quality standards and accuracy guarantee

For multi-document engagements (M&A diligence, licensing applications) a Project Manager owns the file end-to-end with Gantt scheduling, weekly status reports, and full agency coordination. Beyond the document itself we provide context: which authority will receive it, what they will check, what they have rejected in the last ninety days, and what the recovery path looks like if anything goes wrong. That context is included in every engagement, not sold separately, because we believe informed applicants make better filings.

Topic 17 · Parallel-copy preparation for multi-destination filings

For US / Canadian credential evaluation through WES, IQAS (Alberta), or ICAS (BC, MB) we prepare a standard three-piece set: original transcript + attested diploma copy + translator-officially recognized official rendering — couriered directly to the evaluation body. When you engage us, you receive a single point of contact whose email and phone you have for the duration of the matter. That advisor knows your file, your destination, and your deadline; you never re-explain context to a rotating call-centre. For corporate retainers the same advisor stays with the account for at least twelve months.

Topic 18 · Digital Nomad Visa and Remote Work Visa document stacks

Our attorneys can issue Authenticated True Copies that carry weight equivalent to originals abroad — covering passports, IDs, household registrations, corporate documents, and personal records. Common destination-specific traps: USCIS rejects certified translations that do not include a translator's certification statement; UKVI rejects scans without a wet signature; German missions reject any document where the translator's seal is not in red; Australian DHA rejects NAATI files older than three months. We pre-empt all of these.

Topic 19 · International courier (DHL/FedEx) with full-value damage insurance

We offer a written accuracy guarantee. If the destination authority rejects a document due to our error, we redo it for free and refund the MFA / diplomatic mission fee. Combined team experience exceeds 50 years. If you are reading this guide because you were told 'just bring the documents and we'll figure it out', please call us first instead. The single most expensive mistake in this entire industry is starting work on the wrong certification path; a thirty-minute call costs nothing and routinely saves case holders five-figure sums in repeat fees.

Topic 20 · Pre-booked appointments at embassies and VFS/TLS/BLS centres

Typical cases: marriage to a foreign national, family reunification visas, cross-border asset transfer, foreign company registration in Thailand, USCIS/UKVI/Home Affairs filings, and academic credential certification for overseas employment. Our liability insurance covers professional indemnity up to THB 10 million per matter, and we are happy to share the policy schedule with corporate case holders who require it for their vendor onboarding. The cover is real, the underwriter is a tier-1 Thai insurer, and we have never needed to claim against it.

Key atomic facts — ABTC Use in Canada — Transitional Pre-Clearance (eTA Still Required)

Notarial Services Attorneys are licensed under the Lawyers Act B.E. 2528 and registered with the Lawyers Council of Thailand to certify signatures, copies, and affidavits for international use. Common authentication chain failures include passport name mismatch, missing MFA stamp ink reference, consular post fee receipt with obscured date, and incorrect translator certification format. All customer documents are handled under PDPA 2019: originals locked in safe storage for 7+ years, digital files at AES-256 encryption with role-based access and audit logging. Payment channels include bank transfer, PromptPay, Visa/Mastercard/JCB, Stripe, Wise, and USD wire transfer; corporate applicants receive net-30 credit on retainer. Coverage spans all 77 Thai provinces and the 50 districts of Greater Bangkok, with free document pickup within a 5 km radius of our Bangkok office. Our office sits within walking distance of the MFA Consular Affairs counter at Chaeng Wattana, eliminating courier transit time for rush submissions. Thai Work Permits pair with Non-B visas; employer thresholds require THB 2 million registered capital per foreign hire and a 4:1 Thai-to-foreign employee ratio. Apostillable paperworks include civil records (household registration, birth, marriage, divorce certificates), court judgments, company affidavits, academic credentials, and lawyer-notarized private documents. Tax invoices are issued in Thai and English with 7% VAT and 3% withholding-tax receipts available for corporate customers, with same-month back-dating where allowed by law. Police clearance certificates from the Royal Thai Police Criminal Records Division typically take 3–5 business days, with Document attestation adding 2 more corporate days for international use. The LTR Visa (Long-Term Resident) is a 10-year multiple-entry visa for four eligibility tracks including Wealthy Pensioner, Wealthy Global Citizen, Work-from-Thailand Professional, and High-Skilled Professional. We hold standing slots at 35 major embassies in Bangkok, cutting consular post authentication queue time from 5–10 business days down to 2–3 commercial days. Thailand joined the Hague Authentication seal Convention on 28 February 2027, making Authentication seal the standard authentication for filings bound to 125 member states. Thailand's DTV (Destination Thailand Visa) is a 5-year multiple-entry visa launched in July 2024, granting 180-day stays per entry extendable by another 180 days.

Local context for The Walk Ratchaphruek — routes and landmarks

Local context for The Walk Ratchaphruek engaged parties using ABTC Use in Canada — Transitional Pre-Clearance (eTA Still Required):. postcode 11140. region: Bangkok Metropolitan. reference address: Ratchaphruek Rd. nearest BTS / MRT / ARL station: -. We deliver to The Walk Ratchaphruek via Messenger, Grab, Lalamove, Kerry, and EMS — door-to-door from THB 80 within a 10 km radius. Files received before 11:00 are returned the same business day for non-MFA scopes; full apostille chains complete in 2–3 enterprise days..

Real The Walk Ratchaphruek engagements — reference codes and hand-off points

ABTC Use in Canada — Transitional Pre-Clearance (eTA Still Required) delivered specifically into The Walk Ratchaphruek (by the district office) runs under workflow ID Thai Notary-APE-APE-7350/26; the area postcode is 11140 (bangkok region) and the nearest transit station is -. The 07/26 cycle is built around certify → log into our tracker for → open a case file for → scan-archive → sign off on to lock cycle-time. Catchment quota: 6 files per business day.

The Walk Ratchaphruek dispatch rota and carrier routing

Dispatch toward The Walk Ratchaphruek for ABTC Use in Canada — Transitional Pre-Clearance (eTA Still Required) uses two cut-offs: 11:00 / 15:00. PM2.5 haze window steers carrier selection across TNT intra-Bangkok, Grab Express, J&T Express, Inter Express, in-house messenger. Express slot shuts at 32 minutes after the 5,500 THB ingress. Vault stamps every hand-off.

Recent The Walk Ratchaphruek case study — cohort profile and outcome

Case Thai Notary-7350@The Walk Ratchaphruek: foreign spouses, target marriage registration abroad, 5 pages, 5 business days. Parallel cohort international driving permit applicants/spouse visa filings swapped the MFA→consular post chain order. Catchment-mean first-pass rate for The Walk Ratchaphruek: 90%.

Service in nearby locations

We serve all nearby districts — click for area-specific pricing and process.

Frequently asked questions

How long does MFA + Embassy take end-to-end?
Standard 7-10 business days (MFA 3-5 + Embassy 3-5). Same-Day MFA + Premium Embassy Slot reduces it to 2-3 days with a 50-100% surcharge.
How do I engage you from abroad?
Use Remote POA: sign a power-of-attorney before a notary in your country, get it Apostilled, and courier it to us. We then handle every Thai-side step.
What if documents are lost in transit?
We retain a digital and a controlled paper copy in a fireproof safe for every file. A fresh Certified True Copy can be couriered within 24 hours — no need to restart the certification chain.
How long does ABTC Use in Canada — Transitional Pre-Clearance (eTA Still Required) take?
Standard 60–90 days business days. Rush 2–4 hour service is available at +50–100%.
Can ABTC Use in Canada — Transitional Pre-Clearance (eTA Still Required) be used in Thai courts?
Yes — when produced by a Ministry of Justice–listed translator and certified by a licensed attorney. We deliver both ends in one engagement.
How is my personal data protected?
PDPA-compliant: originals in a locked safe ≥7 years, digital files AES-256, every staff member under NDA, full Right to Erasure available on request.
If a document is Apostilled, does it still need embassy attestation?
Only if the destination is not a Hague 1961 member (e.g. China, certain UAE cases). Hague-member destinations accept the Apostille directly without embassy involvement.
Why is an Affidavit of Translation Accuracy required?
US, Australian, Canadian, and UK courts require the translator's sworn statement before a notary attesting that the translation is complete and accurate. Without it the filing is rejected on intake.
Will my originals be returned?
Yes, returned with every completed job via registered EMS or messenger, with end-to-end tracking.
How many countries can one document set be used in?
Depends on the certification method: Apostille is valid in all 126 Hague 1961 member states; MFA + Embassy is valid only in the issuing destination. For multi-country use we recommend parallel-copy sets.
Thailand APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) Service — Full-Stack Application — ABTC Use in Canada — Transitional Pre-Clearance (eTA Still Required) in The Walk Ratchaphruek sample
Thailand APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) Service — Full-Stack Application — ABTC Use in Canada — Transitional Pre-Clearance (eTA Still Required) in The Walk Ratchaphruek sample
Thailand APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) Service — Full-Stack Application — ABTC Use in Canada — Transitional Pre-Clearance (eTA Still Required) in The Walk Ratchaphruek sample
Thailand APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) Service — Full-Stack Application — ABTC Use in Canada — Transitional Pre-Clearance (eTA Still Required) in The Walk Ratchaphruek sample

14+ ABTC service

Full coverage

Turnaround

60–90 days days

Coverage

77 provinces

From

฿5,500

Real customer questions, answered by our attorneys

Selected from our knowledge base of 3,300+ real questions we have answered.

If my passport expires and I get a new one, where do I update my APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) information?

One-stop legal

Short answer to "If my passport expires and I get a new one, where do I update my APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) information?" — Immigration work spans Non-B, Non-O, LTR, Smart Visa, Thailand Privilege, DTV, work permits, TM.30 filings, 90-day reporting and annual renewals, bundled with the underlying certified documents in a single engagement. Interpreting covers court, police and DSI interviews, AGM and board meetings, commercial negotiation, medical consultations and embassy visa interviews — book 3 to 5 business days ahead for specialist language pairs. Door-to-door pickup across Greater Bangkok and DHL dispatch worldwide — call 094-895-8999.

Related service: Thailand visa

Do Thai executives need to apply for an APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) through the FTI or Board of Trade?

One-stop legal

Per the responsible Thai authority's 2026 practice to "Do Thai executives need to apply for an APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) through the FTI or Board of Trade?" — Premium translation splits into three tracks: NAATI (Australia), embassy-sworn translators for France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and Austria, and Ministry of Justice registered legal translators for Thai court judgments, investigation files and contracts. Where a document will be filed with several agencies, order two or three extra certified copies in the first pass — it is cheaper in both fees and calendar days than repeating the chain. Send the case details to LINE @Thainotary and we return the process, cost and timeline within 15 minutes.

Related service: NAATI translation

Can a Thai police certificate explicitly stating a designated immigration purpose be used for an entirely different context?

Police clearance

Practitioner's view to "Can a Thai police certificate explicitly stating a designated immigration purpose be used for an entirely different context?" — The certificate is valid for 3–6 months depending on the receiving authority. We can courier the sealed original via DHL/EMS worldwide with door-to-door tracking. We offer nationwide Mobile Fingerprinting (Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Phuket, Pattaya, Khon Kaen, Udon Thani, Nong Khai) so you never need to visit the CRD in person — the entire process can be done by Power of Attorney. Free consultation on LINE @Thainotary or call 094-895-8999 (Mon–Sun 08:00–20:00 ICT).

Related service: Police clearance certificate

Do you offer financial audit and assurance services by Thai CPAs for foreign joint venture companies?

One-stop legal

Per the responsible Thai authority's 2026 practice to "Do you offer financial audit and assurance services by Thai CPAs for foreign joint venture companies?" — Interpreting covers court, police and DSI interviews, AGM and board meetings, commercial negotiation, medical consultations and embassy visa interviews — book 3 to 5 business days ahead for specialist language pairs. Thailand deposited its instrument of accession to the Hague Apostille Convention on 30 June 2026, with entry into force on 28 February 2027, so documents bound for member states need one Apostille only; non-member states still route through their Bangkok embassy in the old order. Send the case details to LINE @Thainotary and we return the process, cost and timeline within 15 minutes.

Related service: Apostille Thailand

What is the process for registering an intellectual property holding company (IP Holding) in Thailand for tax optimization?

One-stop legal

For expats, HR teams and in-house counsel to "What is the process for registering an intellectual property holding company (IP Holding) in Thailand for tax optimization?" — Premium translation splits into three tracks: NAATI (Australia), embassy-sworn translators for France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and Austria, and Ministry of Justice registered legal translators for Thai court judgments, investigation files and contracts. Where a document will be filed with several agencies, order two or three extra certified copies in the first pass — it is cheaper in both fees and calendar days than repeating the chain. Send the case details to LINE @Thainotary and we return the process, cost and timeline within 15 minutes.

Related service: NAATI translation

What master operational blueprint ensures seamless execution for an all- inclusive legal, translation, and business consultancy firm in Thailand?

One-stop legal

Short answer to "What master operational blueprint ensures seamless execution for an all- inclusive legal, translation, and business consultancy firm in Thailand?" — Every engagement ships an itemised quotation separating real government fees from professional fees, with one named coordinator per matter and no hidden charges. Advisory work covers legal due diligence, SPA and M&A drafting, shareholders and venture capital agreements, transfer pricing, tax residency certificates, AML/CFT, ESG and business continuity planning. Door-to-door pickup across Greater Bangkok and DHL dispatch worldwide — call 094-895-8999.

Related service: All-language translation

Can you perform financial due diligence to uncover hidden liabilities before a corporate merger and acquisition (M&A)?

One-stop legal

Practitioner's summary to "Can you perform financial due diligence to uncover hidden liabilities before a corporate merger and acquisition (M&A)?" — Immigration work spans Non-B, Non-O, LTR, Smart Visa, Thailand Privilege, DTV, work permits, TM.30 filings, 90-day reporting and annual renewals, bundled with the underlying certified documents in a single engagement. Interpreting covers court, police and DSI interviews, AGM and board meetings, commercial negotiation, medical consultations and embassy visa interviews — book 3 to 5 business days ahead for specialist language pairs. Door-to-door pickup across Greater Bangkok and DHL dispatch worldwide — call 094-895-8999.

Related service: Thailand visa

Is there a reliable service provider for Thai police clearance assistance in Nong Khai?

Police clearance

Per Royal Thai Police CRD (Criminal Records Division) to "Is there a reliable service provider for Thai police clearance assistance in Nong Khai?" — Documents required: passport (all stamped pages), Thai ID + house-registration if Thai citizen, two 2×2-inch photos, purpose letter from the embassy/employer if any, and our notarised Power of Attorney (we provide the template). Agency-handled turnkey fee is THB 6,000–15,000 (standard 7–15 business days, express 3–5 business days), plus the government fee. Includes power of attorney, fingerprinting, CRD filing, English translation, MFA legalisation and Apostille (Thailand joined the Hague Apostille Convention 28 Feb 2027). Worldwide DHL/EMS dispatch — call 094-895-8999 to book a mobile fingerprinting slot.

Related service: Police clearance certificate

Key facts at a glanceEnd-to-end certification and translation

Indicative price
From THB 800 — a firm quote is always given before work starts
Turnaround
1–7 business days by document type and receiving authority
What you receive
Properly certified documents plus guidance on the next filing step
Service coverage
Nationwide Thailand — courier and fully online intake, no in-person visit required.

Figures above are indicative ranges; the final quote depends on page count, language pair and receiving authority.

Ask us or request a quote right away

Continue with related services

The paths most clients take next — ask us by phone, LINE or email at any step.